
Activated Charcoal Cense
Activated Charcoal Cense tsis yog tib yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv charcoal bricks los yog burned pieces ntawm zaub mov.Qhov chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm Activated Charcoal xyab ua rau nws tsis tshua muaj absorbent, cia nws khi rau molecules, ions, los yog atoms thiab tshem tawm lawv los ntawm yaj tshuaj. Activated Charcoal Cense muaj cua sov cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau, xws li ntoo, peat, txiv maj phaub plhaub, lossis sawdust, kom kub heev.
- Khoom Taw qhia
Tuam txhab Profile
Puyang Hongyuan Tshiab Zog Technology Co., Ltd. yog ib lub tuam txhab tsim kev lag luam feem ntau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm hookah charcoal, xyab charcoal, barbecue charcoal, thiab lub zog tshiab. Raws li tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam, peb tau tsim cov khoom lag luam nruj nruj thiab tswj xyuas txhua yam ntawm cov khoom hauv lub tuam txhab. Peb tau cog lus los ua cov khoom lag luam zoo, ruaj khov, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua.
Vim Li Cas Xaiv Peb
Peb lub Hoobkas
Puyang Hongyuan nyob rau hauv Puyang City, Henan xeev, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm thawj zaj nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, nrog rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm 43, 000 square meters, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm 21, 000 square meters, thiab ib xyoo tso zis ntau tshaj 10,000 tons.
Khoom siv Advanced
Peb tau tshaj tawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm siab heev, siv ntau qhov kev tswj xyuas zoo hauv txhua yam ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab ua tiav kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev soj ntsuam zoo los ntawm kev muab qhab nia thiab kev faib tawm, thiab siv txoj cai tsim khoom ua ntej thiab cov ntsiab lus zoo meej.
Peb Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj
ISO / CE daim ntawv pov thawj
Kev paub nplua nuj
Peb tsim kom muaj kev tswj xyuas nruj, los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv mus rau cov lus pom zoo tom qab muag. Rov hais dua ua pov thawj qhov zoo ntawm peb cov khoom.
Peb muaj cov phiaj xwm tsim khoom nruj, kev sib txuas zoo meej ntawm kev ntim khoom thiab xa khoom, sim peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom paub tseeb tias cov khoom tuaj txog koj sai li sai tau.
Cov khoom lag luam ntsig txog
Qhov chaw ntawm Keeb Kwm: Henan Tuam Tshoj
Zoo: puag ncig
Cov ntsiab lus tshauv: 6%
Lub sij hawm rau Ignition: 30 vib nas this
Txoj kab uas hla: 27mm, 33mm, 33mm nrog lub qhov, 40mm, 50mm, 50mm nrog plaub qhov
Raw khoom: Xyoob charcoal, txiv hmab txiv ntoo charcoal
Tshauv: Tsawg dua 3.5%
Charcoal yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws hauv Eco. Nws loj hlob sai dua ntoo thiab muab cov calorie ntau dua, lub sijhawm hlawv ntev dua, thiab txuag lub zog ntau dua.
Peb tau koom nrog hauv kev lag luam ntau tshaj 25 xyoo, thiab muaj kev paub ntau hauv kev lag luam, uas tuaj yeem muab cov khoom zoo thiab cov khoom siv rau cov neeg siv khoom. Peb cov khoom yog exported rau ntau lub teb chaws.
Cov khoom: Ashless charcoal
Loj: 38mm
Luj / pcs: 12g
calorific nqi: 7200kcal -7600kcal
Cov ntsiab lus tshauv: tsawg dua 3%
Tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw Charcoal
Yam khoom: Tus nqi
Qhov chaw ntawm Keeb Kwm: PUYANY Suav
Hom Lub Npe: Custom
Qauv nab npawb: txawv me me
Peb yog cov chaw tsim khoom thiab lag luam wholesale bulk tsum ntawm txiv maj phaub plhaub charcoal briquettes rau shisha & hookah hauv Suav teb.
Peb lub Hoobkas yog ib tus kws tshaj lij hookah / shisha charcoal Hoobkas, uas nyob hauv Puyang nroog, Henan xeev ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Peb lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb hauv shisha charcoal lag luam rau kaum xyoo, thiab peb hais kom koom nrog hauv Canton Fair txhua xyoo.
Nruab nrab (27mm) thiab Loj (35mm) yog ib qho yooj yim, ceev rau lub teeb thiab tsim cov pa luam yeeb tsawg thiab sparks.
Txhua lub thawv muaj 120 daim (20 yob ntawm 6).
Dab tsi yog Activated Charcoal Cense?
Activated Charcoal Sense tsis yog tib yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv charcoal bricks los yog hlawv cov khoom noj.
Kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ua rau nws nqus tau zoo heev, tso cai rau nws khi rau cov molecules, ions, lossis atoms thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom yaj.
Kev ua kom muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob muaj cov khoom siv roj carbon ntau, xws li ntoo, peat, txiv maj phaub plhaub, lossis sawdust, kom kub siab heev.
Nws yog tsim los ntawm cua sov charcoal mus rau qhov kub siab heev nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tsis muaj oxygen, xws li lub tank.
Activated Charcoal Cense, lossis activated carbon, yog cov hmoov dub zoo. Nws yog cov khoom ntxeem tau, txhais tau tias muaj qhov khoob khoob lossis qhov pores hauv cov khoom.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense
Absorbent Xwm
Activated charcoal yog heev ntxeem tau, uas muab nws tshwj xeeb absorption zog. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem ntes thiab ua kom tsis zoo hauv huab cua, ntxhiab tsw, thiab txawm tias qee cov pa roj, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev siv hauv ib puag ncig uas xav tau huab cua huv.
Kev siv ntau yam
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem siv rau ntau qhov chaw, suav nrog tsev, chaw ua haujlwm, chaw ua haujlwm, thiab txawm tias sab nraum zoov. Nws cov khoom purifying ua rau nws nrov hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev kho mob ib puag ncig.
Eco-Friendly
Activated charcoal yog cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv, feem ntau muab los ntawm cov ntoo tawv tawv. Nws yog biodegradable thiab tsis tso cov tshuaj phem thaum lub sijhawm hlawv, ua rau nws yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Slow Burn
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws kub hnyiab tau maj mam thiab sib npaug, uas yuav pab kom cov ntxhiab tsw qab maj mam dhau lub sijhawm ntev, tso cai rau kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua.
Tsawg Haus luam yeeb
Tsis zoo li qee cov tshuaj tsw qab ib txwm siv, activated charcoal tswm ciab ua rau cov pa luam yeeb tsawg heev, uas ua rau nws muaj kev noj qab haus huv rau kev siv sab hauv tsev thiab tsim nyog rau cov tib neeg uas nyiam haus luam yeeb.
Cov khoom xyaw ntuj
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab cov roj tsw qab, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tag nrho cov kev paub txog kev hnov lus thiab txo qhov raug rau cov tshuaj hluavtaws.
Hom Activated Charcoal Cense
Granulated Activated Carbon
Granulated activated carbon muaj qhov me me sab nraud dua li cov hmoov activated carbon vim nws qhov loj me me me me. Hom no feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev deodorization, kev kho cua, thiab kev kho dej.
Pelletized Activated Carbon
Qhov no yog hmoov activated carbon uas tau tov nrog ib tug binder thiab tsim rau hauv pellets. Cov pellets feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov roj vim tias lawv muaj plua plav tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus, lub zog zoo, thiab kev poob qis.
Powdered Activated Carbon
Qhov no yog ib daim ntawv zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated, thiab nws feem ntau yog ntxiv ncaj qha rau cov txheej txheem xws li kev noj cov dej nyoos, lim dej nqus, thiab cov ntsiab lus meej. Vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub taub hau poob uas yuav tshwm sim, nws tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv lub nkoj siab.
Impregnated Activated Carbon
Daim ntawv no ntawm activated carbon yog infused nrog inorganic impregnates zoo li nyiaj thiab iodine. Qhov loj tshaj daim ntawv thov rau impregnated activated carbon yog nyob rau hauv lub purification ntawm domestic potable dej.
Catalytic Activated Carbon
Qhov thib tsib ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated no tseem hu ua deg-modified activated carbon. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua adsorptive, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem pib thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem tshuaj, uas ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm cov dej haus.
Activated Charcoal Cense muaj ib qho nyuaj, ntxeem tau cov qauv uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nws cov hauj lwm zoo li ib tug adsorbent. Nws thaj chaw saum npoo tuaj yeem muaj li ntawm 500 txog 1500 square metres ib gram, nyob ntawm txoj kev ua kom thiab cov khoom siv. Lub qhov hws thiab cov channel hauv Activated Charcoal Cense muaj ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, xws li micropores mus rau macropores.
Cov micropores, uas tsawg dua 2 nanometers nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, muab qhov loj tshaj qhov chaw nto thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau feem ntau ntawm adsorption. Cov mesopores, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2 thiab 50 nanometers nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, pab txhawb rau tag nrho cov porosity ntawm cov khoom, thaum lub macropores, uas muaj ntau tshaj li 50 nanometers nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, tso cai rau kom ceev ceev npaum li cas.
Cov qauv ntawm Activated Charcoal Incents plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo li adsorbent. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pore thiab cov duab yog xav tau rau cov adsorbates sib txawv, lossis cov khoom uas tau adsorbed rau saum npoo ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense. Piv txwv li, gases thiab me me molecules yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws adsorbed nyob rau hauv micropores, thaum loj molecules yog zoo tshaj plaws adsorbed nyob rau hauv mesopores thiab macropores. Qhov pore loj thiab cov duab kuj txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm qhov adsorption tshwm sim.
Ntxiv nrog rau nws cov qauv ntxeem tau, Activated Charcoal Cense kuj muaj qhov ua haujlwm siab ntawm qhov chaw vim muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm nws qhov chaw. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm no, xws li hydroxyl thiab carboxyl pawg, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog adsorbates los ntawm hydrogen bonding, van der Waals rog, thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense
Activated Charcoal Cense muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam vim nws cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom adsorption. Qee qhov kev siv feem ntau ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense muaj xws li:

Dej thiab cua purification
Activated Charcoal Cense yog dav siv hauv dej thiab cua purification systems kom tshem tawm impurities thiab cov kab mob. Nws thaj chaw siab thiab qhov porosity tso cai rau nws los nqus ntau yam kuab paug, xws li cov organic sib txuas, cov hlau hnyav, thiab cov tshuaj tsis haum organic.

Kev lag luam zaub mov thiab dej haus
Activated Charcoal Cense yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam zaub mov thiab dej haus ua cov xim thiab cov lim dej. Nws yog feem ntau siv los tshem tawm impurities thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov dej haus xws li npias thiab cawv.

Tshuaj pleev ib ce
Activated Charcoal Cense yog cov khoom siv nrov hauv cov khoom siv tawv nqaij vim nws muaj peev xwm nqus cov impurities thiab co toxins los ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, cleansers, thiab exfoliators.

Kev kho ib puag ncig
Activated Charcoal Cense yog siv los kho ib puag ncig kom tshem tawm cov pa phem ntawm av thiab dej hauv av. Nws tuaj yeem siv los nqus cov pa paug xws li hydrocarbons, tshuaj tua kab, thiab tshuaj tua kab.
Cov khoom ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense
Thaum xaiv ib qho Activated Charcoal Cense rau ib daim ntawv thov, ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv yuav tsum tau xav txog:
Pore Structure
Lub pore qauv ntawm Activated Charcoal xyab sib txawv thiab yog qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom.Cov qauv pore, ua ke nrog cov rog txaus nyiam, yog qhov tso cai rau adsorption tshwm sim.
Adsorptive khoom
Lub zog nqus ntawm Activated Charcoal Sense encompass ob peb yam ntxwv, nrog rau lub peev xwm adsorptive, tus nqi ntawm adsorption, thiab tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense.
Hardness/Abrasion
Hardness / abrasion kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv. Ntau daim ntawv thov yuav xav kom Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob kom muaj lub zog particle siab thiab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob raug mob (kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv rau hauv kev nplua). Activated Charcoal Sense ua los ntawm cov txiv maj phaub plhaub muaj qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm Activated Charcoal Censes.
Tshauv Ntsiab Lus
Cov ntsiab lus tshauv ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm inert, amorphous, inorganic, thiab unusable ib feem ntawm cov khoom. Cov ntsiab lus tshauv yuav zoo li tsawg li ntau tau, raws li qhov zoo ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense nce raws li cov hmoov tshauv txo.
Pom Ntsig
Thaum pom tseeb qhov ceev yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau adsorption ib chav tsev qhov hnyav, nws yuav cuam tshuam rau adsorption ib chav tsev ntim.
Moisture
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tus nqi ntawm lub cev noo noo nyob rau hauv Activated Charcoal Scent yuav tsum poob li ntawm 3-6%.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Activated Charcoal Cense
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm Activated Charcoal Cense, los yog ua kom cov pa roj carbon, muaj nyob rau hauv ob hom. Ib qhov chaw carbonaceous, uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv cov thee, peat, lossis cov khoom siv carbonaceous yog carbonized, uas txhais tau hais tias cov pa roj carbon ntshiab yog muab rho tawm los ntawm txoj kev cua sov hu ua pyrolysis. Thaum cov khoom yog carbonized, nws yuav tsum tau oxidized, los yog kho nrog oxygen, los ntawm kev raug rau CO2 los yog chav, los yog los ntawm ib tug acid-base tshuaj.
Carbonization
Carbonization yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev noj cov khoom uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau thiab hloov mus rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide los ntawm cua sov. Cov txheej txheem cua sov no, hu ua pyrolysis, los ntawm cov txheej txheem qub los ua charcoal. Cov khoom siv carbonaceous tuab heev yog siv rau thaum pib, vim qhov kawg tshwm sim yuav tsum muaj qhov ntxeem tau ntxiv rau Activated Charcoal Cense hom phiaj. Cov khoom uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau yog muab tso rau hauv ib qho me me (xws li cov khoom siv) rauv thiab ua kom sov ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 2000 degrees Celsius. Qhov seem feem ntau yog 20-30 feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav pib, thiab feem ntau muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab ib feem me me ntawm cov hmoov tshauv inorganic. Qhov no zoo ib yam li "coking," ib txoj kev tsim coke los ntawm charcoal, ib hom roj carbon-based roj.
Kev kho roj
Kev ua kom cov pa roj carbon monoxide tuaj yeem ua ncaj qha los ntawm cua sov hauv chamber thaum cov pa nkag mus rau hauv. Thaum oxidized, cov pa roj carbon activated muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau adsorption, txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ua rau Activated Charcoal Cense thiaj li zoo rau lim cov khib nyiab thiab tshuaj lom neeg tawm ntawm cov kua thiab roj. Rau kev kho lub cev, cov txheej txheem carbonization pyrolysis yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw inert ntawm 600-900 degrees Celsius. Tom qab ntawd, cov pa oxygenated tau muab tso rau hauv ib puag ncig thiab cua sov ntawm 900 thiab 1200 degrees Celsius, ua rau cov pa oxygen rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide.
Tshuaj kho mob
Hauv kev kho tshuaj, cov txheej txheem sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated. Rau ib qho, carbonization thiab tshuaj ua kom muaj zog tshwm sim ib txhij. Ib da dej ntawm cov kua qaub, hauv paus los yog lwm yam tshuaj yog npaj thiab cov khoom siv submerged. Tom qab ntawd lub da dej yog rhuab mus rau qhov kub ntawm 450-900 degrees Celsius, tsawg tshaj li qhov kub xav tau rau kev ua kom roj. Cov khoom siv carbonaceous yog carbonized thiab tom qab ntawd qhib, txhua qhov nrawm dua li kev ua kom muaj roj. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov txheej txheem cua sov ua rau cov kab mob los ntawm da dej rau adsorb rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa roj carbon tsis zoo lossis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.
Post Treatment Activated Charcoal Cense
Tom qab oxidization, Activated Charcoal Incenses tuaj yeem ua tiav rau ntau hom kev siv, nrog rau ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Piv txwv li, granular Activated Charcoal Incent (GAC) yog cov khoom zoo li cov xuab zeb nrog cov nplej loj dua li cov hmoov Activated Charcoal Incense (PAC), thiab txhua tus siv rau kev siv sib txawv. Lwm yam muaj xws li impregnated carbon, uas muaj xws li cov khoom sib txawv xws li nyiaj thiab iodine, thiab polymer-coated carbons.
Kev tuav thiab ruaj khov
Activated Charcoal Cense yog ruaj khov thiab tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ntau xyoo hauv nws lub thawv xa khoom lossis pob yog tias tiv thaiv los ntawm cov pa paug thiab cov kua dej. Activated Charcoal Sense deteriorates xwb los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm; uas yog, los ntawm kev ua raws li catalyst los yog adsorbing vapors, gases thiab yaj tshuaj. Vim tias nws yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, nws tiv taus rau feem ntau cov kua qaub, alkalis, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj corrosive. Kev rov ua kom sov thiab txias tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws lub cev qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj rov qab cov nroj tsuag, cov adsorbent tau raug ntau npaum li 10, 000 cua sov thiab cua txias voj voog uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo ntawm cov granules lossis pellets.
Cov qib zoo tshaj plaws ntawm granular Activated Charcoal xyab yog qhov nyuaj thiab puas resistant, tab sis txoj kev tuav uas zoo li zom cov khoom yuav tsum tau zam. Nyob rau hauv vapor kev kho tshuab, ib tug high-ceev los yog tsis-uniform airflow yuav ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hais thiab sai hnav los yog tawg ntawm cov granules, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias lub sab saum toj ntawm lub pa roj carbon txaj tsis tuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm ib tug screen. Upward ntws ntawm cov kua nyob rau hauv siab ceev thaum lub sij hawm adsorption yuav tsum tau zam, vim hais tias nws nyhav nqa cov granules thiab ua rau channeling. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tuav Activated Charcoal Sense yuav tsum haum rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv. Piv txwv li, ib qho hmoov muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog kev sib txuas nrog nws tuav dua li cov khoom siv granular. Impregnated carbons feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus qis qis dua li cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas tsis yog impregnated. Muaj kev zam rau qhov no, tab sis ib qho yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas tau raug impregnated lossis muab lwm yam kev kho tshwj xeeb. Cov ntawv txheeb xyuas cov khoom lag luam thiab cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb cov ntaub ntawv (MSDS) cov ntaub ntawv muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li cov pa roj carbon ignition kub.
Rau kev ua kom huv ntawm huab cua hauv qhov chaw nyob thiab chaw ua haujlwm, cov adsorbent yuav tsum qhuav kom qhuav. Nws tsis rhiab rau cov dej noo, tab sis yog tias nws ntub dej, nws lub peev xwm yuav raug txo. Yog tias nws tau saturated, nws tuaj yeem qhuav rau hauv qhov cub ntawm 200 degree -250 degree F. Wet Activated Charcoal Cense tends to corrode me steel, aluminium and some other metals. Rau cov ntawv ntub dej, cov hlau tsis muaj steel, monel nickel, yas, iav lossis ceramics tuaj yeem ua haujlwm zoo li cov thawv ntim khoom. Rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov qhuav, cov hlau zoo tib yam, txhuas, yas lossis ntawv yog cov khoom ntim khoom tsim nyog.
Peb lub Hoobkas
Puyang Hongyuan Tshiab Zog Technology Co., Ltd. yog ib lub tuam txhab tsim kev lag luam feem ntau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm hookah charcoal, xyab charcoal, barbecue charcoal, thiab lub zog tshiab. Raws li tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam, peb tau tsim cov khoom lag luam nruj nruj thiab tswj xyuas txhua yam ntawm cov khoom hauv lub tuam txhab.


FAQ
Cim npe nrov: activated charcoal xyab, Tuam Tshoj activated charcoal xyab Hoobkas














